Transistors.

Once upon a time, really not
all that long ago, people used vacuum tubes in place of integrated
circuits. Vacuum tubes came in many forms and were used as diodes,
amplifiers, and/or switches.
A diode allows electricity to
flow in one direction but not the other. Solid state diodes (crystal
diodes) were made in the late 1800's, even before vacuum tubes were
popular. When I was a young bloke, I made a crystal set with some
old radio parts and a diode that I bought. It didn't even need a
battery, and it worked.
Triodes and other multi –ode
vacuum tubes are not as simple as diodes. They work, more or less,
like a relay or an amplifier. They take a small input and produce a
large output. More specifically, a small change in the input voltage
will make a large change in the output voltage. This makes them
useful for switching, for use in computers and electric controllers,
and in amplifiers, and in radio transmitters and stereos. As long as
you have enough of them you can do lots of things.
In
1947, some people at Bell Labs in the US made a transistor. This was
pretty impressive, because it had never been done before. It did the
job of a vacuum tube, but it was smaller, took a lot less
electricity to operate, and would eventually be a lot less expensive
to make. Everyone was happy because finally they could make a
desk-sized computer: Since then, transistors have been made smaller
and faster, packed together into integrated circuits, to the point
that my new lap top computer has a CPU which has 731 million
transistors in a single chip. It has 1136 wires coming from the chip
to the rest of the computer.

Last year, a group of
researchers from Korea, U.S., and Germany built the world’s first
functional molecular transistor - a transistor made of a single
molecule – see
HERE.
This new molecular transistor was actually built, "wired," and
tested. Back in 2004, Dr Werner Hofer, from the University of
Liverpool’s Surface Science department proved that a single molecule
could power electric circuits (see
HERE), but now it’s been done.
That’s pretty impressive stuff
and although molecular computers are still some distance in the
future, they do look possible, and might even be practical.
God
must love stupid people; He made so many.
Microsoft’s Genuine Advantage.
Microsoft Genuine Advantage
programs are Microsoft’s way of determining whether or not the copy
of the software you are using is genuine and not a pirated copy.
When you purchase Microsoft
software, you have 30 days in which you must validate the program
and you do this by entering the 25 character product key that comes
with the software into the activation form and then sending this via
the internet off to Microsoft. What you probably don’t realise is
you also send off the individual
computer ID code associated with your computer as well.
All this info goes into Microsoft’s data base where they can match
that piece of software, through the product key, (which is really a
serial number) with your computer’s ID so when you try and install
that software on your mate’s computer Mr Gates knows it’s already on
your computer so he won’t allow you to give it to your mate. This
stops piracy.
All very well, BUT!!!!
Every time you log onto the
internet, Mr Gates now knows that his Windows software, with a
product key like SDE3W WR34R C2DR3 2G3SA 3PSWA is on your computer
which has a code like 102.32.123.1. Bill says he needs this info so
he can stop you using the software if it's pirated and also to
update your software when and if needed. But, if Bill, for some reason, took a
severe disliking to you, he could just shut down your computer by
limiting the functionality of your version of Windows.
We wonder what will happen
when Chinese or Korean or Russian hackers (or anyone) figure out how
to shut down computers running the Windows operating system using
the Genuine Advantage "feature" of Windows. It seems like it should
be fairly easy to write a trojan to do this. All they would have to
do is figure out how to redirect Windows Genuine Advantage traffic,
that you send to Microsoft to activate your software, to their own
servers. They could then shut down every Windows XP/Vista/7 system
in the entire universe.
Scarey isn’t it?? …..
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